What Tools Do Veterinarians Use? Our Vet Walks You Through

General practice veterinarians offer a wide range of services for their patients, often all under one roof.

These may include:

  • General medicine

  • Laboratory testing

  • Diagnostic imaging

  • Anesthesia and surgery

  • Dental services

  • Dispensing pharmacy

  • Weight management

  • Puppy socialization classes and training

  • Physical therapy and rehabilitation

  • Boarding

As a result, veterinarians need a lot of specialized equipment in order to do their job! Some veterinary tools have been around for a long time while others are brand-new, cutting-edge technologies.

The following lists are certainly not exhaustive but include many of the common tools used by small animal veterinarians in 2023. They are organized by where in the clinic they are likely to be found.

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The 69 Tools Veterinarians Use (Organized by Clinic Room)

1. The Examination Room

In a typical small animal examination room, you are likely to find many of the following items:

  • 1. Weigh scale

  • 2. Thermometer

  • 3. Stethoscope

  • 4. Reflex hammer

  • 5. Otoscope (for looking in ears)

  • 6. Ophthalmoscope (for examining eyes)

  • 7. Nail trimmers (variety of sizes and styles)

  • 8. Pheromone diffuser to help pets feel calm

  • 9. Refrigerator (for storing vaccines, medications, and yummy food treats to help your pet have a fear-free experience)

  • 10. Computer (for reviewing medical records, typing notes)

It is important to mention that, in addition to those listed above, some of the most important tools a veterinarian uses (regardless of the species they treat) are their own eyes, ears, and hands. Vets closely observe each patient, listen to their heart and lungs, feel all over their body for “lumps and bumps,” and palpate their abdomen for any abnormalities. The value of a thorough physical examination should never be underestimated!

New Technology

Some veterinarians have upgraded versions of the tools listed above, for example:

  • 11. Electronic stethoscope: reduces ambient noise and amplifies heart sounds; compatible with cochlear implants and hearing aids

  • 12. Wireless digital stethoscope: option to listen wirelessly via Bluetooth technology and record heart sounds to share with owners (or send to a cardiologist for a second opinion, if needed); some apps can even detect heart murmurs automatically

  • 13. Video otoscope: displays images on a screen so the veterinarian can get a better view inside the ear (interested pet parents can look too!); for patients under general anesthesia, special attachments can be used to remove debris and flush the ear canal


2. The Treatment Area

The treatment area is where a lot of the action happens in veterinary hospitals. Wounds are clipped and cleaned, bandages applied, nails trimmed, blood and urine samples collected, intravenous (IV) fluids started, and patients may even be prepped for surgery (the final sterile prep occurs in the surgery suite).

Some of the tools you might find in a small animal treatment area include:

  • 14. Electric hair clippers

  • 15. Nail trimmers (variety of sizes and styles)

  • 16. Splints, bandage scissors, and bandaging materials

  • 17. Needles and syringes

  • 18. Laryngoscopes (used for intubating patients)

  • 19. Blood pressure machine(s)

  • 20. Intravenous (IV) fluid pumps

  • 21. Syringe pumps for continuous-rate-infusions (CRIs) of certain medications

  • 22. Autoclave for sterilizing surgical gowns, drapes, and instruments

  • 23. Portable anesthetic machines

New Technology

More and more clinics are incorporating light therapies into their practice, including laser therapy and fluorescence biomodulation:

Laser Therapy

Therapeutic lasers utilize red (to almost infrared) light to reduce inflammation, decrease pain, and stimulate healing. They are helpful in treating a wide variety of conditions, such as:

  • Arthritis

  • Tendon and ligament injuries

  • Wounds (including surgical incisions)

Many pets tolerate laser therapy extremely well because it does not cause any discomfort (it produces a gentle warming sensation). The hardest part is often keeping patients still for the 15- to 30-minute treatments! In some cases, your pet’s fur may be shaved at the treatment site so light can be transmitted into the tissue more effectively.

It is important to note that special protective glasses/goggles must be worn by everyone in the room during laser therapy sessions, to prevent retinal damage.

Fluorescence biomodulation

Vetoquinol’s Phovia system uses blue LED light to activate a special gel applied to the area being treated. Blue light does not penetrate deeply into tissue like red light, so it is used to treat superficial conditions.

Here are some of the benefits:

  • The technology is extremely safe and easy to use

  • Treatment times are short (two minutes per site)

  • It improves wound healing

  • So far it has shown to be helpful in treating skin infections, perianal fistula, and interdigital furunculosis (cysts) in dogs

cat blood test
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3. The Laboratory

Many veterinary clinics have equipment for analyzing blood and urine samples in-house. Results are often available in less than an hour, which helps veterinarians figure out what is going on with their patients quickly.

Tools found in the lab of a typical veterinary clinic may include:

  • 24. Centrifuge for spinning samples

  • 25 Refractometer (measures urine specific gravity and serum/plasma protein)

  • 26.Automated blood and urine analyzers

  • 27. Microscope

  • 28. Glucometer (for quick blood sugar measurements)

  • 29. SNAP tests (e.g., for canine parvovirus, heartworm infection, tick-borne diseases, and pancreatitis)

  • 30. Variety of special tubes and sample containers

  • 31. Culture plates for bacterial culture and sensitivity testing

For certain tests, your veterinarian may still need to send samples to an outside diagnostic laboratory.


4. Diagnostic Imaging Room

The room containing a veterinary hospital’s x-ray machine is always separated from the rest of the building by lead walls, to protect staff and patients from unnecessary radiation exposure.

The tools commonly found in this room include:

  • 32. X-ray machine (most are digital now)

  • 33. Lead gowns, gloves, and thyroid protectors for staff

  • 34. Dosimeters (one for each employee) to measure radiation so each staff member’s exposure can be monitored over time

  • 35. Foam pads and troughs for patient comfort and positioning

  • 36. Calipers for measuring patients (to determine x-ray machine settings)

  • 37. Computer for viewing digital x-rays

  • 38. Ultrasound machine (often portable)

Although more commonly found at specialty referral hospitals, some general practice veterinarians are starting to offer advanced imaging technologies like:

vet examining dog's x-ray
Image Credit: GoodFocused, Shutterstock

5. The Surgery Suite

Surgical Tools

A typical small animal hospital is equipped to handle routine and emergency soft-tissue surgeries.

The following items are necessities in any surgical suite:

  • 39. Adjustable stainless steel table(s)

  • 40. Bright, maneuverable lights

  • 41. Surgical gowns, caps, gloves, towels, and drapes

  • 42. Surgical instruments (e.g., scalpels, scissors, forceps, clamps, needle drivers)

  • 43. Variety of suture materials, surgical staplers for closing incisions

  • 44. Headlamps and loupes (special glasses) for improved visualization and magnification

  • 45. Orthopedic drills, saws, and bone implants (e.g., pins, plates, screws)

  • 46. Endoscope

  • 47. Electro-cautery unit

  • 48. Surgical CO2 laser

  • 49. Cryosurgical unit

Anesthetic Tools

The following equipment is also found in veterinary surgery suites, but relates to general anesthesia:

  • 50. Endotracheal tubes

  • 51. Anesthetic machines

  • 52. Special probes for continuous temperature monitoring

  • 53. Patient warming equipment (e.g., electric heating pads, Bair HuggerTM)

  • 54. Pulse oximeter (measures blood oxygen saturation)

  • 55. Capnograph (measures the amount of carbon dioxide the patient is breathing out)

  • 56. Electrocardiogram (ECG) machine

  • 57. Blood pressure monitoring equipment

Some clinics (particularly emergency and referral hospitals) also have advanced life-support equipment like ventilators.

New Technology

Minimally invasive surgery is becoming increasingly popular and accessible in veterinary medicine. This type of surgery uses cameras and special tools passed through multiple small incisions, rather than one large incision into the abdomen or chest.

Advantages of minimally invasive surgery include:

  • Less pain

  • Reduced bleeding

  • Faster procedure time (which means less time under general anesthesia)

  • Shorter recovery after surgery

  • Decreased risk of incision complications

Some examples of procedures that can be performed using this technique are:

  • Spay

  • Gastropexy (tacking the stomach to prevent GDV in dogs)

  • Collecting biopsies from internal organs

  • Removal of bladder stones

  • Arthroscopy (scoping a joint)

  • Some types of heart and lung surgery

If you are interested in pursuing minimally invasive surgery for your pet, make sure to choose a veterinarian who has a lot of experience with this technique.

It is also important to note that in some cases, the veterinarian may need to change the plan and switch to a more traditional surgical approach if complications arise during the procedure.


6. The Dental Suite

A dental suite has many similarities to a surgical suite:

  • 58. Stainless steel table (usually topped with a grate over a sink to catch water from the procedure)

  • 59. Bright, maneuverable lights

  • 60. Chairs with wheels for the veterinarian and technician

  • 61. Laryngoscope and endotracheal tubes

  • 62. Anesthetic machine(s)

  • 63. Variety of suture materials

Dental suites also have all the same equipment as surgical suites for monitoring patients under general anesthesia (see previous list). Patients are always intubated during dental procedures, with extra gauze at the back of their mouth, to prevent them from inhaling water.

Some of the specialized equipment found in a veterinary dental suite includes:

  • 64. Ultrasonic scalers and polishers (similar to those used by human dentists)

  • 65. Dental instruments (cleaned and sterilized between patients)

  • 66. Dental x-ray machine (most are digital now)

  • 67. Computer for viewing digital x-rays

  • 68. Dental charts for documenting the procedure

  • 69. Headlamps and loupes (special glasses) for improved visualization and magnification

It is important to note that all dental procedures for pets should be performed under general anesthesia and supervised by a qualified veterinary team.

While you may see anesthetic-free dental cleanings advertised, please note that the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) considers them to be unacceptable. These procedures can be traumatizing for pets, fail to provide thorough cleaning (especially below the gum line), and do not allow for dental x-rays to be taken (which are a critical part of evaluating dental health).

The idea of putting your pet under general anesthesia can be scary, but your veterinary team will do everything they can to keep your fur baby safe. Talk to your veterinarian if you have any concerns about your pet’s dental health.

examining rabbit's teeth at veterinary clinic
Image Credit: sirtravelalot, Shutterstock

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Conclusion

Veterinary hospitals require a great deal of equipment to be able to provide pets with comprehensive care. This article has focused on the tools used by small animal veterinarians in general practice. Large animal veterinarians use very similar items, but adapted to the size and anatomy of the patients they treat.

In addition to the tools we have mentioned, referral veterinarians (e.g., cardiologists, ophthalmologists, dermatologists) will have special equipment related to the unique procedures they perform.

Above all, veterinarians rely on their knowledge, experience, and love of animals to provide you and your fur babies with the best care possible!


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Trazodone for Dogs: Info, Usage & FAQs (Vet Answer)

If you have a dog with anxiety, especially with storms, fireworks, and/or travel, your veterinarian may have prescribed Trazodone. This medication is commonly used in veterinary medicine for short-term anxiety and/or stressful events. It’s a great option for those dogs who are not typically stressed all day long, but only need temporary anxiety-relief.

Continue reading to learn more about Trazodone, its potential side effects, doses, and most common uses.

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What Is Trazodone?

Trazodone is within the antidepressant class of drugs when used in humans. In dogs, we commonly classify it under “selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor” (or SSRI).

SSRIs help to keep serotonin levels elevated in the brain. Increased serotonin in the brain will lead to less stress, less anxiety, and a calmer demeanor. SSRIs help to decrease removal of serotonin from the brain, causing the levels to be elevated for longer.

Trazodone is most commonly prescribed for short term use in dogs. It’s great for dogs with firework and storm phobias, anxiety at the vet or groomers, or to help keep excited pups calm after a surgery. Trazodone can be given long term, but likely wouldn’t be your veterinarian’s first choice.

Trazodone Rx medicine pills
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How Is Trazodone Given?

Trazodone is given in oral form. Trazodone comes in numerous different strengths, typically pills but sometimes as capsules. Trazodone can be made into a liquid, but typically this is done through a compounding pharmacy. A compounding pharmacy is able to make many medications, such as Trazodone, into different forms to help make administration easier. Your dog may do better with a liquid, flavored liquid or potentially flavored tablets. All of these options would need to be discussed with your compounding pharmacist.

Trazodone is typically given prior to a stressful event. You will want to try and give it to your dog at least one to two hours prior to a stressful vet appointment, the holiday fireworks, or a thunderstorm. It is best if given with only a small amount of food, allowing it to absorb into the bloodstream quicker. Trazodone does not necessarily need to be given with or without food, but it can sometimes cause an upset stomach at higher doses.

The good news is there is a fairly large, safe, dosing range for Trazodone and dogs. This means that your veterinarian may give you a range that you can administer. Depending on what makes your dog the most stressed—nail trims, fireworks, car travel—your veterinarian will be able to determine which dose to give your dog and when.

What Happens If You Miss a Dose?

Trazodone is not a medication that needs to be or is commonly given long term. It is most commonly prescribed for short term sedative and anti-anxiety effects. Therefore, if you miss a dose, your dog will unfortunately just be worked up, anxious, and/or stressed out.

woman getting trazodone pills from the bottle
Image Credit: luchschenF, Shutterstock

Potential Side Effects of Trazodone

Unfortunately, dogs may have varying sedative effects on Trazodone. Some dogs only need to receive a very low dose and will be asleep for hours. While others can receive the high end of the recommended dose and still be anxious, stressed, and/or destructive.

Trazodone can sometimes cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. This is most common at higher doses. If your dog is new to the medication, you may want to start at the lower end of the dosing range until you know if they will have any GI upset.

Very rarely we can see serotonin syndrome with Trazodone. This is when the serotonin levels in the brain actually become too high. Your dog would need to be hospitalized, monitored, and started on a different medication to counteract the effects of this type of toxicity.

Because Trazodone is an SSRI, your veterinarian will need to be careful about prescribing it to your dog if they are on other medications. Combining different kinds of sedatives can be harmful and increase your dog’s risk of developing serotonin syndrome.

a bottle of trazodone pills
Image Credit: luchschenF, Shutterstock

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Can my dog still be anxious after getting Trazodone?

Yes. Unfortunately, not all medications work the same in every dog. Some dogs will be very sedate on a very low dose, while others can receive extremely high doses and have very little effect. Always speak with your veterinarian about proper dosages and potentially combining with other medications if needed.

What if my dog is on other medications for sedation?

You will definitely need to discuss the use of Trazodone with your veterinarian. Some medications will cause harmful increases in serotonin with Trazodone. Others may increase the effect of Trazodone, causing profound sedation.

Can I get Trazodone at a human pharmacy?

Trazodone is used in both humans and dogs. Your local pharmacist likely has the medication. However, your veterinarian will still need to provide the prescription of Trazodone for your dog after they have had a physical exam. Trazodone is not a medication you can buy over-the-counter.

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Conclusion

Trazodone is considered an SSRI in dogs, and most commonly prescribed for short term anxiety and stress relief. Trazodone is given orally and comes in a variety of strengths. You may even be able to get the medication compounded to make administration to your dog easier. Trazodone has a large dosing range but care needs to be taken with other medications and at higher doses.


Featured Image Credit: luchschenF, Shutterstock

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Beagle Pain Syndrome: Our Vet Explains Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis

Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) was initially referred to as beagle pain syndrome. It was first identified in young laboratory Beagles that demonstrated clinical signs of lameness, pain, and fever. The condition has also been known by several other names, including juvenile polyarteritis syndrome, necrotizing vasculitis, panarteritis, and polyarteritis, amongst others.

The term SRMA is currently the most universally accepted name, as it refers to not only the underlying pathology (i.e., inflammation of the meninges and their associated arteries) but also the most widely used treatment and its success in managing this disease. The condition has also since been described in various other breeds of dogs, making the term “beagle pain syndrome” no longer appropriate. Learn more about SRMA and its signs and causes below.

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What Is Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis?

SRMA is an immune-mediated disease that some consider to be the most frequently diagnosed inflammatory disorder involving the central nervous system (CNS) in dogs. Two different forms of SRMA have been documented: acute and chronic.

As alluded to above, the name of this syndrome gives some valuable clues as to what pathology is involved. The disease is characterized by inflammation involving the meninges and associated arteries, along with evidence of this inflammation within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Most studies on SRMA have not identified a sex predilection; in other words, males and females appear to be at similar risk, although one study did report a higher prevalence in male dogs. Typically, the condition is identified in dogs under 2 years of age (95% of cases), with the peak prevalence between 6 and 18 months. There have, however, been reports of SRMA in dogs as young as 3 months and as old as 9 years.

Beagle dog sad
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What Are the Signs of Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis?

Acute SRMA

The clinical signs seen can vary depending on the form of the disease present. Typically, the acute form is characterized by neck pain and rigidity or stiffness, which can be intermittent, along with a fever (and associated lethargy). Many dog owners describe the signs as having a waxing and waning course—this is important to appreciate, given that when presented for examination at a veterinary clinic, dogs with SRMA may not be exhibiting all or even any of the signs commonly seen with this disease. For instance, while fever is common in dogs with SRMA, a normal temperature cannot rule it out as a potential diagnosis in a dog with concurrent neck pain, stiffness, and lethargy.

Chronic SRMA

The chronic form, which is considered less common, may also demonstrate signs seen with the acute form; however, it usually involves repeated episodes of neck pain accompanied by additional neurological deficits (e.g., weakness and an uncoordinated gait). These deficits are consistent with a spinal cord or multifocal neurological disorder and represent an extension of the inflammation from the meninges to adjacent structures (i.e., the spinal cord (myelitis) and the brain (encephalitis)).

Chronic lesions can include meningeal fibrosis (or scarring) and arterial stenosis (narrowing of arteries), which can obstruct normal CSF flow and even occlude vessels, respectively. Such lesions can lead to ischemia of the CNS parenchyma and the other neurological deficits described above. Thus, it can be difficult to distinguish the chronic form of SRMA from the more commonly identified meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology.

Other Signs and Diagnosis

Interestingly, various cardiac changes have also been identified in dogs with SRMA. In one population of 14 dogs, such changes were considered common. In humans, the co-occurrence of cardiac disease in patients with inflammatory CNS disease is well-described. While most cardiac changes identified in dogs with SRMA appear to resolve with steroid therapy, further research is required to determine if cardio-supportive treatment is necessary to avoid potential complications.

There is currently no definitive test for SRMA in a living dog. Thus, a diagnosis involves consideration of several variables, such as history and clinical signs, physical examination findings (e.g., neck pain and fever), the presence of nonspecific findings on laboratory work (blood and CSF), and excluding other potential diagnoses that can present similarly (e.g., infectious diseases, particularly in young dogs, and meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology or even neoplasia in older dogs).

Sad tired beagle dog on sofa. Sick dog.
Image Credit: ALEX_UGALEK, Shutterstock

What Are the Causes of Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis?

The exact underlying cause is currently unknown. However, SRMA is understood to be an immune-mediated disease involving abnormal and dysregulated immune responses directed toward the central nervous system of specific breeds of dogs.

The reason or trigger/s behind such a response remains to be determined. No studies have identified an environmental, infectious, or neoplastic (cancerous) trigger for this disease. There is also no relationship between vaccination and the development of SRMA in dogs.

How Do I Care for a Dog With Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis?

As the name suggests, treatment of this condition involves using steroids (otherwise known as corticosteroids or glucocorticoids) such as prednisone or prednisolone. Generally, dogs with SRMA are treated with prolonged courses of steroids, starting at immunosuppressive dosages and gradually tapering the dose (until the drug can be safely discontinued) over approximately 6 months. Such courses have proven excellent in achieving remission, with some studies reporting success in up to 98.4% of cases. Most dogs show clinical improvement within 2 days of starting steroid therapy.

Relapse

Unfortunately, in many dogs, this remission appears to be short-lived. Relapse rates range from anywhere between 16% and 47.5%. Relapses are believed to result from either inadequate dosage or an inappropriate or insufficient duration of treatment. Some authors have also proposed that certain dogs may be insensitive to steroids, as documented sporadically in humans undergoing treatment for various immune-mediated diseases. It has also been hypothesized that inadequate treatment leads to the development of the chronic form of SRMA.

Predicting which dogs will relapse and when is a problem that has prompted much research. Unfortunately, a predictive marker remains elusive, and relapses have been reported both during treatment and following cessation of therapy with steroids. Most cases that relapse experience one or two relapse episodes; however, although uncommon, some dogs have been noted to have three or even four relapses.

It may also be the case that certain breeds are more likely to suffer a relapse, with one study describing such a finding in Beagles and Bernese Mountain dogs. Older dogs appear less likely to relapse, with apparent resistance to recurrence of signs after approximately 2 years of age being described by some authors.

feeding beagle dog
Image Credit: Olena Yakobchuk, Shutterstock

Not only has this high relapse rate prompted much investigation into a possible predictive marker, but it has also led to studies looking at the use of additional drugs in managing relapses to hopefully prevent further relapse. This is not surprising, given the multiple immunosuppressive drugs available in veterinary medicine and the somewhat common practice of using multimodal therapy to manage cases of inflammatory CNS disease in dogs.

One study looked at cytosine arabinoside, a chemotherapeutic, to help address such issues. While this addition did result in remission of signs in 10 out of 12 dogs, side effects and adverse events associated with its inclusion were identified in all 12 dogs, many requiring additional measures to manage these adverse events.

It is also worth mentioning that prolonged courses of steroids in dogs have also been associated with mild side effects, the most reported being diarrhea. These adverse effects are dose-related and therefore tend to be more apparent earlier in the treatment course, and large-breed dogs are also more susceptible.

Other Treatment Options

Another potential therapeutic option for dogs with SRMA is targeting the endocannabinoid system (e.g., using derivatives of Cannabis sativa). Endocannabinoids have proven helpful in immunomodulation, neuroprotection, and helping control inflammatory disorders of the CNS. A recent study showed upregulation of specific endocannabinoid receptors in dogs with SRMA, suggesting that targeting the endocannabinoid system may help manage dogs with SRMA.

What Is the Prognosis for a Dog With Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis?

The prognosis varies depending on the form of SRMA a dog is diagnosed with. The acute form, especially in young dogs, generally has a good to even excellent prognosis with early implementation of steroid treatment.

In contrast, the chronic form usually has a more guarded prognosis and requires more aggressive and long-term therapy.

Cute and beautiful beagle dog lying on the exam table at the veterinarian. Two vets examining a sick and scared pet with a stethoscope
Image Credit: Beach Creatives, Shutterstock

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What Breeds of Dogs Get SRMA? Does It Only Occur in Beagles?

While SRMA, formerly known as beagle pain syndrome, was first identified in Beagles, several other breeds have since been recognized as predisposed to this condition. Such breeds include Beagles, Bernese Mountain dogs, Border Collies, Boxers, Golden Retrievers, Jack Russell Terriers, Weimaraners, Whippets, and Wirehaired Pointing Griffons. Notably, no differences in disease severity, diagnostic findings, or even outcome have been recognized across predisposed breeds.

Is SRMA Contagious?

No. SRMA is an immune-mediated disease that stems from an abnormal immune response within the body. In the case of SRMA, this response is directed toward or against the meninges (the membranes that line the brain and spinal cord) and associated arteries. No underlying triggers have been identified that could lead to the abnormal immune response and clinical signs seen in dogs with SRMA.

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Conclusion

In summary, SRMA is a common immune-mediated disorder identified in several dog breeds (not just the Beagle), particularly young dogs. Two forms of the disease have been well-described, and the clinical signs and prognosis differ. Treatment of dogs with SRMA is centered on using corticosteroids such as prednisone, which are highly effective in achieving remission of clinical signs, especially in dogs with the acute form of the disease. Unfortunately, relapse is very common and necessitates close monitoring in all dogs with a history of SRMA for the recurrence of signs and subsequent rapid re-implementation of steroid therapy.


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